Global Overview of Obstetric Violence
Obstetric Violence in the EU
Across the European Union, obstetric violence is increasingly recognized as a form of gender-based and institutional violence, as well as a violation of human rights. Defined by the Council of Europe as non-consensual and inappropriate medical interventions during childbirth, this phenomenon is gaining visibility in both public discourse and policy discussions.
There is no harmonized legal framework across the EU. Portugal stands out as the only Member State with a national law explicitly promoting respectful maternity care. While most Member States rely on general Patients' Rights or Healthcare Acts, these often fall short in preventing violations such as lack of informed consent or abusive clinical practices. Regional legislation defining obstetric violence exists only in parts of Spain.
Clinical practices vary widely. Euro-Peristat data show high rates of caesarean sections, episiotomies, and induced labour in several countries—procedures which, when overused, may indicate obstetric violence. Routine use of such interventions, contrary to WHO recommendations, is still common in some Member States.
Data collection is inconsistent, and methodologies differ, making comparisons difficult. However, studies show that 21% to 81% of women report at least one form of mistreatment during childbirth. Disparities in experience are also linked to race, age, socioeconomic status, and health conditions.
Civil society organisations, health professionals and national institutions have launched a variety of initiatives: publishing clinical guidelines, offering targeted training, raising awareness, and supporting legal action. Observatories on obstetric violence are active in five countries, and advocacy efforts are growing.
Despite increased research and public concern, a comprehensive EU-wide strategy remains absent. The structural drivers—gender inequality, medical hierarchies, and harmful stereotypes—require systemic responses to ensure respectful and evidence-based maternity care across all Member States.
A Short Overview
Obstetric violence is not explicitly defined in EU or national laws, which hampers the development of legal frameworks and coordinated policies. The term itself is debated—some prefer “abuse” or “mistreatment” over “violence,” a choice criticized for ignoring power and gender dynamics.
There is no unified framework to address obstetric violence across Member States, and data collection is limited. However, available studies reveal high rates of non-consensual care, over-medicalisation, and disrespectful treatment during childbirth. Between 21% and 81% of surveyed women report having experienced some form of obstetric violence.
Although some initiatives exist—such as training, legal cases, and awareness campaigns—responses remain fragmented. A stronger, more coordinated legal and policy response is needed, recognizing obstetric violence as a form of institutional and gender-based violence.
Need for a Common Definition
A key barrier to addressing obstetric violence in the European Union is the absence of a shared definition and analytical framework. Without a unified understanding of the phenomenon—as a form of gender-based, institutional, and human rights-based violence—progress in legislation, policy and practice remains fragmented and insufficient. Standardising definitions would enable the creation of legal norms, establish clear protocols, and guide coherent policy responses across Member States.
Challenges in Data and Coordination
Despite limited and inconsistent data collection, existing evidence confirms that obstetric violence is a widespread and harmful issue across the EU. However, the lack of national data, harmonised indicators, and systematic monitoring hinders efforts to fully assess its scope. Strategic coordination is needed between legal frameworks, institutional mandates, training programmes, clinical guidelines, research efforts, and advocacy initiatives to ensure meaningful and sustainable progress.
Strategic Recommendations for Action
Recommendations include promoting mutual learning among Member States, mandating the European Institute for Gender Equality to develop relevant indicators, and financing targeted projects to address legal gaps and improve maternity care standards. At the national level, Member States are urged to revise legal frameworks, implement clinical protocols, provide training for healthcare professionals, fund research, strengthen monitoring systems, and support civil society initiatives to empower women and advance respectful, evidence-based care.
Frequently Asked Questions
This set of questions provides a clear summary of the current understanding, causes, consequences, and responses to obstetric violence in the European Union. Based on institutional findings, it aims to support awareness, training, and policy development.
